The list of books included in the Catholic Bible was established as canon by the Council of Rome in 382, followed by those of Hippo in 393 and Carthage in 397. In the first three centuries CE, the concept of a closed canon emerged in response to heretical writings in the second century. The gospels, Pauline epistles and other texts coalesced into the " New Testament" very early. The early Church continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books. The Masoretic Text, in Hebrew and Aramaic, is considered the authoritative text by Rabbinic Judaism the Septuagint, a Koine Greek translation from the third and second centuries BCE, largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible.Ĭhristianity began as an outgrowth of Judaism, using the Septuagint as the basis of the Old Testament. Tanakh is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible composed of the first letters of the three parts of the Hebrew scriptures: the Torah ("Teaching"), the Nevi'im ("Prophets"), and the Ketuvim ("Writings"). The Dead Sea scrolls are approximately dated to 250 BCE–100 CE and are the oldest existing copies of the books of the Hebrew Bible. Some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140–40 BCE), while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later. The transmission history of these combined collections spans approximately 3000 years, and there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon was settled in its present form.
A third collection containing psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories, was canonized sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE. A second collection of narrative histories and prophecies was canonized in the 3rd century BCE. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible, called the Torah or Pentateuch, which was accepted as Jewish canon by the 5th century BCE. The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The origins of the oldest writings of the Israelites are lost to antiquity. Believers in the Bible generally consider it to be a product of divine inspiration, while understanding what that means in different ways. The collection of materials that are accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a biblical canon. These texts include instructions, stories, poetry, and prophecies, among other genres. The Bible is an anthology-a compilation of texts of a variety of forms- originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions.
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